Bone screw with self-constrained flexibility

ABSTRACT

A bone screw is provided including a longitudinal core member having a longitudinal axis defining a longitudinal direction and having an outer surface and a helical groove in the outer surface, the groove being defined by opposed sidewalls; and a helical thread body configured to be accommodated in the groove. When the thread body is assembled in the groove of the core member and when the core member is straight, the thread body is configured to abut one opposed sidewall without abutting the other opposed sidewall along a full turn of the thread body, the thread body is configured to slide in the groove between the opposed sidewalls of the helical groove parallel to the longitudinal axis, and a first portion of the thread body that is outside the helical groove has a height greater than a second portion of the thread body that is in the helical groove.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/511,123, filed Oct. 9, 2014, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/889,902, filed on Oct. 11,2013, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference intheir entirety, and claims priority to European Patent Application EP13188243.3, filed on Oct. 11, 2013, the contents of which are herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND Field of the Invention

The invention relates to a bone screw including a longitudinal coremember with a helical groove and a helical thread body that is providedin the groove. A width of the groove is greater than a width of a turnof the thread body so that the thread body is accommodated with atolerance in the groove. This allows the thread body to slide in thegroove in a longitudinal direction limited by the sidewalls of thegroove. Therefore, the shank of the bone screw may move a limited amountrelative to the thread body.

Description of the Related Art

A bone screw having a shank with an elastic or flexible element is knownfrom U.S. 2005/0154390 A1. The known flexible bone screw includes alongitudinal bore and a helical, slot-shaped opening in the wall of theshank. The flexibility is determined by the geometry of the hollow boreand the helical slot-shaped opening. To limit the flexibility or tostrengthen the bone screw, a core may be provided in the hollow bore.

SUMMARY

It is the object of the invention to provide a bone screw that hasimproved strength while simultaneously exhibiting a certain degree offlexibility and capability of dynamic motion.

The bone screw obtains its flexibility by the tolerance between thethread body and the groove provided in the surface of the screw shank.

A tension side of the bone screw is defined as the side where load isapplied to the bone screw in a transverse direction, and a compressionside of the bone screw is defined as the side that is compressed whenthe load is applied in the transverse direction. Because the thread bodyis configured to abut against both sidewalls of the groove, the bendingload can be transferred on the compression side as well as on thetension side. Simultaneously, the bending is limited by the sidewalls ofthe groove acting as stop surfaces.

The micro-motion that is possible between the shank and the thread body,which is anchored in the bone, may cause a constrained motion of thebone screw, when, for example, bone resorption takes place. In such acase, the flexible motion restriction and/or control can preventloosening of the bone anchors inside the bone.

The solid body of the core member of the bone screw facilitates bendingsimilar to a hollow shank while simultaneously exhibiting sufficientstrength. In particular, it is possible to make the shank diametersmaller compared to shanks having a hollow bore.

When the core member and the thread body have a different pitch, it ispossible to bias the thread body against the core member.

Because the thread body is a separate part that is attachable to thecore member, the bone screw is a modular device that allows one toselect a suitable thread body in terms of thread pitch and/or threadform and to mount it to a core member. In such a configuration, thethread body is able to maintain compression or distraction relative tothe core member in the longitudinal direction.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further features and advantages will become apparent from thedescription of embodiments by means of the accompanying drawings. In thedrawings:

FIG. 1 shows a perspective exploded view of a bone screw according to afirst embodiment.

FIG. 2 shows a perspective view of the bone screw of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 shows a side view of the bone screw of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4a shows a cross-sectional view of the bone screw along the lineA-A in FIG. 3.

FIG. 4b shows an enlarged cross-sectional view of a detail of FIG. 4 a.

FIG. 5a shows a cross-sectional view of the bone screw shown in FIG. 3in a state in which load is applied to the bone screw in a transversedirection.

FIG. 5b shows an enlarged cross-sectional view of a detail of FIG. 5 a.

FIG. 6 shows a side view of the core member of the bone screw of FIG. 1.

FIG. 7 shows a side view of the thread body of the bone screw shown inFIG. 1.

FIGS. 8a-8d show enlarged cross-sectional views of a portion of FIG. 4awith various modifications of the shape of the thread body.

FIG. 9 shows an exploded perspective view of a second embodiment of abone screw.

FIG. 10 shows a perspective view of the assembled bone screw accordingto the second embodiment.

FIG. 11 shows a cross-sectional view of the head of the bone screwaccording to the second embodiment, the cross-section taken in a planecontaining the screw axis.

FIG. 12 shows a side view of the core member of the bone screw accordingto FIG. 9.

FIG. 13 shows a side view of the thread body of the bone screw accordingto FIG. 9.

FIG. 14 shows a side view of the bone screw according to the secondembodiment in a first state.

FIG. 15 shows a cross-sectional view of the bone screw shown in FIG. 14,the cross-section taken in a plane containing the screw axis.

FIG. 16 shows a side view of the bone screw according to the secondembodiment in a second state.

FIG. 17a shows a cross-sectional view of the bone screw shown in FIG.16, the cross-section taken in a plane containing the screw axis.

FIG. 17b shows an enlarged cross-sectional view of a detail shown inFIG. 17 a.

FIG. 18 shows a schematic view of a first step of inserting the bonescrew according to the second embodiment into a pedicle of a vertebra.

FIG. 19a shows a schematic view of a second step of inserting the bonescrew according to the second embodiment into the pedicle of a vertebra.

FIG. 19b shows an enlarged view of a portion of the bone screw duringthe insertion step shown in FIG. 19 a.

FIG. 20a shows a third step of the insertion procedure of the bone screwaccording to the second embodiment.

FIG. 20b shows an enlarged view of a portion of the bone screw in thestate shown in FIG. 20 a.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIGS. 1 and 2 depict a first embodiment of a bone screw 1 that isestablished as a two-piece unit including a core member 10 and a threadbody 20 as a separate part. The thread body 20 is mounted to the coremember 10 and the two pieces are movable relative to one another to apredefined extent. Referring in more detail to FIGS. 3 to 7, the coremember 10 includes a shank 11 with a tip 12 at one end of the shank 11and a head 13 at an opposite end of the shank 11. The shank 11 definesthe screw axis or longitudinal axis L. The head 13 may be equipped witha recess 13 a provided at its free end surface for engagement with atool. The shape of the head 13 is shown to be spherical segment-shapedbut is not limited thereto. Any shape of the head may be contemplated.At least one but preferably a plurality of notches 14 may be provided inthe shank 11 that extend in a longitudinal direction from a position onthe shank 11 to the tip 12. The notches 14 may be slightly twisted withrespect to the longitudinal axis. They may serve for allowingself-cutting of a bone by the bone screw during insertion. At the tip12, the shank 11 tapers towards the free end.

In the outer surface of the shank 11, a helical groove 15 is providedthat extends from a position close to the head 13 to a position at thebeginning of the tapered section of the tip 12. The helical groove 15has a width wg in the longitudinal direction that may be greater than awidth ws of the shank portions that lie between two turns of the helicalgroove 15. As can be seen in particular in FIGS. 4a to 5b , across-section of the groove 15 is substantially rectangular, whereopposing sidewalls 15 a, 15 b of the groove are substantially flat andparallel to one another and have substantially a same depth as oneanother. A depth d of the groove is less than the width wg of thegroove. Opposing sidewalls 15 a, 15 b of the groove form abutmentsurfaces (e.g., stop surfaces) for the thread body 20 as furtherdescribed below. A first sidewall 15 a is facing the tip 12 and a secondsidewall 15 b is facing the head 13. An end portion of the groove 15that is close to the head 13 has an end surface 15 c (e.g., a transversewall) extending substantially in the longitudinal direction. In a sideview, as seen in FIG. 6, the end portion of the groove has asubstantially trapezoidal contour, i.e., the sidewalls 15 a, 15 b areslightly angled with respect to each other in such a manner that thegroove 15 widens towards the transverse wall 15 c. As can be seen inparticular in FIGS. 1 and 6, a nose-shaped projection 16 extends fromthe first sidewall 15 a into the end portion of the groove 15. Thenose-shaped projection 16 is formed such that it cooperates with acorresponding portion of the thread body in order to retain the threadbody in the groove 15.

The number of turns of the groove 15 corresponds to the number of threadturns of a bone screw thread typically provided on a bone screw. Theorientation of the helical groove corresponds to that of a right-handthread. A thread pitch of the helical groove 15 forms a first threadpitch P₁ of the bone screw 1.

An end portion of the groove 15 that is opposite to the head 13 is opentowards the tip 12 and ends substantially at a position where the shanktapers to form the tip 12 (see, for example, FIGS. 3 and 6). The openend portion of the groove 15 allows the groove 15 to engage with thethread body 20 from the tip end of the shank 11.

The core member 10 is a monolithic, solid piece without a coaxial bore.Because of this, the shank diameter can be reduced compared to screwshanks that have a hollow, coaxial bore.

As depicted in particular in FIGS. 1 and 7, the thread body 20 is asubstantially hollow, cylindrical member with a first end 21 and anopposite second end 22 and includes a helical thread 23, the turns ofwhich wind around a hollow interior section 24. The thread 23 has theshape of a usual bone thread having a substantially triangularcross-section with a base including opposing surfaces 23 a, 23 b thatextend substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis in across-sectional view as seen in FIG. 4a and FIG. 4b . A height of theopposing surfaces 23 a, 23 b is the same or substantially greater than adepth of the groove 15 as depicted in FIG. 4b . The opposing surfaces 23a, 23 b of the base of the thread 23 are configured to cooperate withthe opposing sidewalls 15 a, 15 b of the groove 15.

As best seen in FIGS. 4b and 5b , a width wt of a thread turn of thethread body 20 (e.g. as identified in FIG. 7) extends across a majorityof the width wg of the groove 15 but is less than the width wg of thegroove 15, so that the thread body 20 can be placed into the groove 15with a tolerance. The thread pitch of the thread body 20 is a secondthread pitch P₂. In this embodiment, the second thread pitch P₂ is thesame as the first thread pitch P₁ of the helical groove 15. An endsurface 23 c of the thread body 20 at the first end 21 extendssubstantially coaxially to the longitudinal axis L and is configured toabut against the end surface 15 c of the groove 15. The thread-directionof the thread 23 is the same as that of the groove 15 so that the threadbody 20 can be screwed onto the shank 11, thereby engaging the groove15. Close to the end surface 23 c, there is a nose-shaped projection 26of the thread body 20 that is configured to cooperate with thenose-shaped projection 16 at the end portion of the groove 15 such that,when the nose-shaped projection 26 engages the nose-shaped projection16, the thread body 20 is retained in the groove 15 and the core member10 is prevented from being screwed out of the thread body 20.

At the second end 22, the height of the crest of the thread 23 decreasescontinuously while an inclination of the flank that faces towards thesecond end 22 continuously decreases. As can be seen in FIGS. 2 and 5 a,the last turn of the thread 23 of the thread body 20 or a portionthereof has a smaller outer diameter than the remainder of the threadbody 20 to match the shape of the tip 12.

The bone screw 1 is assembled by screwing the thread body 20 from thetip end of the shank onto the shank 11. Thereby, the first end 21 of thethread body 20 engages the groove 15 and the thread body 20 is advanceduntil its first end 21 reaches the end portion of the groove 15. Thenose-shaped projection 26 of the thread body slides along thenose-shaped projection 16 that projects into the groove until it snapsbehind it and the projections engage each other. When the nose-shapedprojection 26 passes along the nose-shaped projection 16, the enlargedend portion of the groove 15 provides the necessary space to accommodatethe first end 21. In the mounted state, the end surface 23 c of thethread body 20 abuts against the end surface 15 c of the groove 15 ofthe shank 11. When the thread body 20 is fully mounted onto the shank,the sidewall 23 b of the thread body 20 that is facing the head 13 abutsagainst the sidewall 15 a of the groove 15 as can be seen in FIGS. 3 to4 b. Because the width wg of the groove 15 is larger than the width wtof the thread 23, there is a gap 27 between the sidewall 23 a of thethread body 20 and the second sidewall 15 b of the groove that allowsthe thread body to move in a longitudinal direction relative to theshank 11 until the sidewall 23 a of the thread body 20 abuts against thesidewall 15 b of the groove 15.

The core member 10 and the thread body 20 are both made of abody-compatible material. Such body-compatible materials are, inparticular, body-compatible metals, such as titanium and stainlesssteel, or body-compatible metal alloys, such as nickel-titanium (NiTi)alloys, for example, Nitinol. Body-compatible plastics are, for example,PEEK (polyetheretherketone). The core member 10 and the thread body 20can be made of the same or of different materials. For example, the coremember 10 can be made of a body-compatible metal or metal alloy and thethread body 20 can be made of a body-compatible plastic material. Anyother combination of materials may also be contemplated.

The use of the dynamic bone screw will be explained by referring toFIGS. 4a to 5b . When the bone screw 1 is inserted into a core holeprepared in a bone, a bone part, or a vertebra, for example, a pedicleof a vertebra, the core member 10 is in a straight state. Because thenose-shaped projections 26, 16 of the thread body 20 and the groove 15,respectively, are engaged with each other, the turning motion of thebone screw when it is inserted does not cause the thread body 20 todisengage from the groove 15. Further, the turning motion has the effectthat the thread body 20 abuts with its sidewall 23 b against the firstsidewall 15 a of the groove 15 that faces the tip 12.

When load is applied to the bone screw in a direction transverse to thelongitudinal direction and a transverse force F acts on the core member10, for example, on the head 13, the side of the bone screw 1 to whichthe load is applied is defined as the tension side of the bone screw andthe opposite side is defined as the compression side of the bone screw1. The core member bends with respect to the longitudinal axis L whilethe thread body 20 still engages the surrounding bone material. Hence,the bending of the core member 10 relative to the thread body 20 causesthe thread turns of the thread body 20 to move towards the oppositesidewall 15 b of the groove 15 on the compression side as can be seen inFIGS. 5a and 5b . Simultaneously, on the tension side, the side surface23 b of the thread turns of the thread body 20 still abut against thefirst sidewall 15 a of the groove 15. Therefore, the sidewalls 15 a, 15b of the groove provide stops for motion of the core member 10 relativeto the thread body 20. This permits limited micro-motion between theshank 11 and the thread body 20 that is anchored in surrounding bonematerial. In addition, the load can be transferred not only on thecompression side, but also on the tension side when the sidewall 23 babuts against the sidewall 15 a of the groove 15.

The bone screw may be used, for example, as a pedicle screw. In thiscase, it can be connected to a receiving part to form a polyaxial or amono-planar bone anchor. For the receiving part, all kinds of receivingparts can be used that pivotably hold the head of the bone screw andconnect the bone screw to a spinal stabilization rod. When the vertebraemove, transverse forces may act on the pedicle screw. Due to the limitedflexibility, the core member of the pedicle screw can bend and, thus,prevent a fracture of weak bone material. Also, in the case of boneresorption, the bone screw 1 may balance forces due to its dynamiccharacteristics that would otherwise have an adverse effect on thestabilization device. In particular, loosening of the bone screw 1 inthe bone due to bone resorption can be prevented.

Because the core member 10 and the thread body 20 are separate parts, amodular bone screw can be provided, wherein different combinations ofcore member 10 and thread body 20 may be selected. For example, thethread body 20 can be designed to have various thread forms, and aparticular thread body 20 with a specific thread form can be mounted tothe core member 10. FIGS. 8a to 8d depict various thread forms that maybe used. FIG. 8a shows a thread 23″ with a saw-tooth shape that includesa horizontal flank facing the head 13 and an opposite inclined flank.FIG. 8b shows a thread 23′″ that has a substantially square shapeincluding two opposite horizontal flanks. FIG. 8c shows a thread 23′″″including a flank that faces the head 13 which has a negative threadangle. FIG. 8d shows a further modification of the design of the grooveand the thread body. The groove 150 is a helix-shaped groove with acircular segment-shaped cross-section, and the thread body includes athread helix 28 made of a round wire.

A second embodiment of the bone screw will be described with referenceto FIGS. 9 to 16. Parts and portions that are identical or similar tothat of the first embodiment are marked with the same referencenumerals, and the description thereof will not be repeated. The bonescrew 1′ includes a core member 10′, a separate head 13′, and a threadbody 20′. Referring in particular to FIGS. 11 to 13, the core member 10′includes the shank 11 with the tip 12 at one end and a threaded portion18 at the end opposite to the tip 12 that has an outer thread forconnection to the separate head 13′. At the free end-surface of thethreaded portion 18, a slit 18 a or another engagement portion for ascrewdriver is provided. The head 13′ includes a threaded bore 17 at itsside opposite to the engagement recess 13 a that is in communicationwith the engagement recess 13 a. An axial length of the threaded bore 17is greater than an axial length of the threaded portion 18 of the shank11 so that a total length in the longitudinal direction of the bonescrew 1′ can be varied by screwing the shank 11 more or less into thethreaded bore 17.

The groove 15′ differs from the groove 15 of the first embodiment inparticular due to an end section thereof that is close to the threadedportion 18. In particular, the first sidewall 15 a′ that faces away fromthe threaded portion 18 extends at an angle substantially 90° to thelongitudinal axis L. There is also no nose-shaped projection. Theopposing second sidewall 15 b′ at the end section has the sameinclination throughout the shank 11. The pitch of the groove 15′ is afirst pitch P₁′.

The thread body 20′ differs from the thread body 20 of the firstembodiment mainly due to its shape at the first end 21. The shape at thefirst end 21 corresponds to the shape of the groove 15′. Consequently,it does not have a nose-shaped projection, either. As can be seen inFIG. 10, the first end 21 of the thread body 20′ fits into the endsection of the groove 15′ with a tolerance.

The pitch of the thread 23′ of the thread body 20′ is a second pitchP₂′. In this embodiment, the second pitch P₂′ is different from thefirst pitch P₁′ of the groove 15′. The second pitch P₂′ can be greateror less than the first pitch P₁′. In the specific embodiment shown, thesecond pitch P₂′ is less than the first pitch P₁′.

The bone screw 1′ is assembled by screwing the thread body 20′ onto theshank 11 of the core member 10′ until the first end 21 of the threadbody 20′ is accommodated in the end section of the groove 15′. Becausethe first pitch P₁′ is different from the second pitch P₂′, the threadbody 20′ is biased against the core member 10′. In the embodiment, thethread body 20′ is slightly extended in order to fit into the groove 15′having the greater pitch. The head 13′ is mounted to the threadedportion 18 of the shank 11.

The function of the bone screw 1′ will be described referring to FIGS.15 to 17 b. When the thread body 20′ is mounted onto the shank 11, asecond surface 23 b′ of the thread 23′ abuts against the first sidewall15 a′ of the groove that faces away from the head 13′. Next, as shown inFIGS. 16 to 17 b, the shank 11 is turned with a tool engaging theengagement slit 18 a to move the shank slightly into the head 13′ whilethe thread body 20′ remains engaged with the bone. In this condition,the threads move away from the first sidewall 15 a′ of the groove andmove towards the middle of the groove, as shown in FIGS. 17a and 17b .Due to the different pitch, the biased thread body 20′ exerts acompressing force onto the bone that is between the thread turns of thethread 23′, as depicted in FIG. 17b . This prevents loosening of thebone screw in the bone. In a similar manner, when the second pitch P₂′associated with the thread body 20′ is greater than the first pitch P₁′associated with the groove 15′, the thread body 20′ has to be compressedin order to fit into the groove 15′. As a result thereof, it exerts adistraction force (e.g., an expansion force) onto the surrounding bonein a longitudinal direction.

The clinical application will be described with reference to FIGS. 18 to20 d. First, as shown in FIG. 18, the assembled bone screw 1′ isinserted into a prepared core hole 100 in the pedicle of a vertebra 101.When it is fully inserted, the thread body 20′ abuts against the firstsidewall 15 a′ of the groove 15′, as shown in FIGS. 19a and 19b . Inthis condition, the thread body 20′ is biased against the core member10′. In a next step, as shown in FIGS. 20a and 20b , the shank 11 ismoved deeper into the head 13′. Because the thread body 20′ is anchoredin the bone, the thread 23′ is separated from the abutment provided bythe first sidewall 15 a′ of the groove 15′ in an axial direction,thereby creating a gap on both sides of the thread in the groove (FIG.20b ). The biasing force of the thread body 20′ in relation to the shank11 exerts a compression force onto the bone.

In addition, a bending of the core member 10′ away from the longitudinalaxis is possible as described in connection with the first embodiment.

The bone screw 1′ according to the second embodiment is also a modularbone screw. The core member 10′ and the thread body 20′ may bemanufactured of the same or of different materials like the bone screwaccording to the first embodiment. Also, various thread forms can beselected for the thread body 20′.

Various other modifications of the embodiment may be contemplated. Thegroove may extend only along a portion of the shank, and the thread bodymay cover only the portion of the shank where the groove is provided.

In a further modified embodiment, the width of the groove can vary alongthe length of the groove. For example, the relation wg/wt of the widthof the groove wg to the width of the thread body wt can be such that itincreases from 1 at the tip to a value greater than 1 towards the head.In this case, the thread body is accommodated in the groove without atolerance at the tip side and with a tolerance at the head side.

The head may have different shapes, such as a lens-shape, a disc-shape,or any other shape. The bone screw according to the first and alsoaccording to the second embodiment may even be provided without a head.The bone screw may also be used together with a bone plate. The tip mayhave a different shape or may even be omitted.

In a further embodiment, the head is spherical segment-shaped as shownin FIG. 1, for example, and is pivotally accommodated in a receivingpart so that a polyaxial or a monoplanar bone screw is formed that canbe connected to a rod. Instead of the spherical segment-shaped head, areceiving part for a rod may be provided at the end of the shank to forma monoaxial bone screw that can be connected to a rod.

What is claimed is:
 1. A bone screw comprising: a longitudinal coremember having a longitudinal axis, an outer surface, and a helicalgroove recessed from the outer surface, the helical groove having agroove cross-section defined by opposed sidewalls and a bottom surfaceconnecting the opposed sidewalls; and a helical thread body configuredto be accommodated in the helical groove, wherein the thread body isconfigured to slide between the opposed sidewalls of the helical groovein a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis, and wherein the threadbody has a flat inner surface configured to contact the bottom surfaceof the helical groove and to extend parallel to the longitudinal axiswhen the thread body is assembled in the helical groove of the coremember, the flat inner surface having an axial width that is greaterthan half of an axial width of the helical groove measured between theopposed sidewalls at the outer surface.
 2. The bone screw of claim 1,wherein the helical groove comprises a first end, a second end, and afirst engagement portion at the second end, and wherein the thread bodycomprises a second engagement portion that is configured to engage thefirst engagement portion to hold the thread body in the helical groove.3. The bone screw of claim 2, wherein the first end of the groove isopen.
 4. The bone screw of claim 1, wherein the opposed sidewalls of thehelical groove respectively form a first stop and a second stop to limitthe sliding of the thread body in the direction parallel to thelongitudinal axis.
 5. The bone screw of claim 4, wherein the thread bodyis configured to abut a first sidewall of the opposed sidewalls withoutabutting the other opposed sidewall of the opposed sidewalls along afull turn of the thread body when no transverse load is applied to thecore member.
 6. The bone screw of claim 5, wherein when a transverseload is applied to the core member, the thread body is configured toslide in the helical groove in the direction parallel to thelongitudinal axis until at least one portion of the thread body abutsthe other opposed sidewall.
 7. The bone screw of claim 1, wherein thecore member comprises a first end, a second end, and a head at thesecond end.
 8. The bone screw of claim 7, wherein the core memberfurther comprises a shank, and wherein the head is separable from andconnectable to the shank.
 9. The bone screw of claim 8, wherein theshank comprises a threaded portion with an outer thread, and wherein thehead has a threaded bore that is configured to engage the threadedportion of the shank.
 10. The bone screw of claim 1, wherein when theflat inner surface of the thread body contacts the bottom surface of thehelical groove and extends parallel to the longitudinal axis, whenviewed in a plane including the longitudinal axis, a cross-section ofthe thread body comprises a first portion positionable in the helicalgroove that has a first axial width, and a second portion that extendsradially away from the first portion and defining a thread form of thethread body, the second portion comprising a first flank and a secondflank and having a base at a region adjacent the first portion with anaxial width that is less than the first axial width.
 11. The bone screwof claim 10, wherein the thread body has a saw-tooth thread form wherethe first flank extends in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinalaxis and the second flank is inclined at a first angle relative to thelongitudinal axis.
 12. The bone screw of claim 10, wherein the threadbody has a substantially square-shaped thread form where each of thefirst and second flanks extends in a direction perpendicular to thelongitudinal axis.
 13. The bone screw of claim 12, wherein a crest ofthe thread body that extends between the first and second flanks issubstantially parallel to the longitudinal axis.
 14. The bone screw ofclaim 10, wherein the thread body has a thread form with a negativethread angle where the first flank is inclined at a first angle relativeto the longitudinal axis and forms an acute angle with the first portionof the thread body, and the second flank is inclined in a same directionas the first flank but at a second angle different from the first angle.15. The bone screw of claim 10, wherein the second portion of the threadbody is positioned axially relative to the first portion of the threadbody in a manner that forms a first radially outwardly facing surfacebetween and angled relative to both the first flank and a first end ofthe first portion and a second radially outwardly facing surface betweenand angled relative to both the second flank and an opposite second endof the first portion.
 16. A bone screw comprising: a longitudinal coremember having a longitudinal axis, an outer surface, and a helicalgroove recessed from the outer surface, the helical groove having agroove cross-section defined by opposed sidewalls and a bottom surfaceconnecting the opposed sidewalls, the opposed sidewalls being flat andparallel to each other and having substantially the same depth as oneanother; and a helical thread body configured to be accommodated in thehelical groove, wherein the thread body is configured to slide betweenthe opposed sidewalls of the helical groove in a direction parallel tothe longitudinal axis.
 17. The bone screw of claim 16, wherein in across-sectional plane including the longitudinal axis, the opposedsidewalls extend in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.18. The bone screw of claim 16, wherein the thread body has a flatsurface that extends parallel with and is configured to abut one of theopposed sidewalls of the helical groove when the thread body isassembled in the helical groove.